Lidia Todorova – Page 138 – Automobiles Review

Citroen C4 Cactus AIRFLOW 2L Concept to Debut in Paris

Citroen C4 Cactus AIRFLOW 2L Concept is going to be officially premiered at the Paris Motor Show this October, showing its environmental credentials and great fuel economic pressures. The vehicle is packed with advanced technologies that offer innovative responses to the automotive challenges of the present and those of the future. This Citroen delivers breakthrough fuel consumption of 2l/100 km (over 141mpg)!

This is due to the fact that it has optimised design with a 20% improvement in aerodynamics, it runs on lower rolling resistance “tall & narrow” tyres, it is built with lighter parts that reduce overall vehicle weight by 100kg and at last but not least – it features the Hybrid Air technology, which cuts fuel consumption by 30%.

This C4 Cactus features a body optimized for aerodynamic performance. This means that some styling features have been modified and others created in order to optimise vehicle aerodynamics. For instance, the new front bumper includes three air intakes that continuously adjust in accordance with vehicle use, both for engine cooling and to regulate air flow. There are mobile side deflectors added to effectively guide the air flow around the vehicle. The wheels feature mobile shutters activated and controlled by centrifugal force.

The fixed-geometry components include: new generation 19-inch “ultra ultra” low rolling resistance “tall & narrow” tyres, wheel arches with “Air Curtain”, lengthened spoiler smaller and slimmer rearview cameras instead of rearview mirrors and LED light modules at the front and rear instead of the existing lights. The colour orange identifies all the aerodynamic features and underlines the high-tech character of the C4 Cactus AIRFLOW 2L concept.

In terms of weight, this concept is 100 kg lighter than the production C4 Cactus. To achieve this, Citroen has reduced the weight of many structural components, with the body sub-structure featuring new materials such as aluminium, for the upper cowl panel, inner side members and rear floor pan, high-yield steels, for the front side rails and heel board and composite materials for the front of the vehicle floor.

Furthermore, in this project the French company utilizes the Hybrid Air technology for breakthrough fuel consumption, which combines a range of proven sub-systems and technologies. Precisely, this includes a 3-cylinder PureTech petrol engine, a compressed air energy storage unit, a hydraulic pump/motor unit and an automatic transmission with an epicyclic gear train.

In addition, the intelligent electronic management system manages input from the driver to optimise energy efficiency. There are three operating modes are available: zero emissions Air power mode, where the compressed air motor takes over from the petrol engine; Petrol power, using only the combustion engine; and Combined power, drawing upon both the combustion engine and the compressed air.

The combination of PureTech 82 engine and Hybrid Air technology minimizes fuel consumption by 30%. In addition, it also contributes to achieving a vehicle capable of 2l/100 km, while approaching the PureTech 110 in terms of dynamic performance.

Citroen C4 Cactus AIRFLOW 2L Concept Technical Characteristics:

Unladen weight: 865kg
Length: 4,156mm
Width: 1,729mm
Height: 1,487mm (to be confirmed)
CdA: improvement around 20%
Hybrid Air drivetrain mated to the PureTech 82 S&S engine
Tyres: Michelin 155/70/R19

Source: Citroen

September 18, 2014

Ford Introduces 2015 C-MAX and Grand C-MAX

Ford has revealed the updated for the 2015 model year C-MAX family range yesterday consisting of the duo C-MAX and Grand C-MAX. Both vehicle feature sleek exterior design, beautifully crafted interior with improved stowage ideas, and major fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions improvements. C-MAX is a five-seater, while the Grand C-MAX – seven-seater, and they come to offer superior comfort and refinement. The models will introduce advanced technology including Ford’s SYNC 2 voice-activated connectivity system.

The C-MAX range uses Ford’s innovative twin sliding doors and “walk-through” seat design for greater convenience, space and flexibility, remain available. The family of vehicles is available in new exterior colours Red Rush and a stylish brown-grey color called Caribou. The front end of the car was restyled and features dynamic styling, featuring company’s distinctive inverted trapezoidal grille.

Additionally, the sleeker, more chiselled front headlamps and more rectangular, elongated fog-lamps add to the bolder front end. At the back, we can see smoother and more sophisticated one-piece appearance. A compact tail lamp design rounds out the contemporary look. Both cars will be equipped with LED Daytime Running Lights, Bi-Xenon HID headlamps and Ford’s Adaptive Front Lighting System.

Inside, the 2015 C-MAX and Grand C-MAX feature refined interiors. There is more intuitive layout and fewer controls and switches. The new black satin trim and chrome detailing contributes to a cleaner, modern look. There are also other higher quality trims across the entire range, a heated steering wheel, door-sill scuff plates and load-net fitting points behind both the first and second row seats.

In terms of safety, the new Ford C-MAX family is equipped with advanced technologies such as the Ford’s Active Park Assist and Park-Out Assist. Ford has also improved its Active City Stop collision avoidance system, which utilizes sensors at the front of the vehicle. In the case of moving objects C-MAX will utilize Active Braking. Also new to the range is the Adaptive Cruise Control technology. It enables drivers to maintain a set distance from the vehicle ahead, even when that vehicle is travelling more slowly than the cruise speed.

2015 C-MAX and Grand C-MAX family powertrain line-up comprises of the new 1.5-litre TDCi diesel engine, delivering 120 hp (88 kW), the 100 hp (74 kW) and 125 hp (92 kW) versions of the multi-award winning 1.0-litre EcoBoost petrol engine. More importantly, Ford will feature for the first time as a standard its Auto-Start-Stop technology on EcoBoost petrol and 2.0-litre TDCi diesel engines, in order to enhance efficiency and reduce emissions.

2015 Ford C-MAX and Grand C-MAX will go on sale in the beginning of 2015.

Source: Ford

September 18, 2014

Toyota FT-1 Vision GT is a Race Concept for Gran Turismo 6 [VIDEO]

Toyota FT-1 Vision GT is a high performance race concept designed by Calty and entirely virtual. It comes to celebrate the 15th anniversary of the Gran Turismo series and is now available to download within Sony PlayStation3’s Gran Turismo 6 (GT6) real driving simulator. It is obvious that the car is based on the Toyota’s stunning FT-1 sports car concept.

The Japanese company has revealed so far two physical interpretations of FT-1 concept. One has a red exterior color and the other – graphite – to showcase the vehicle’s versatility and striking styling. Both versions are currently available to download on the game, with the red one introduced in earlier this year, and the graphite one – available now.

The original red FT-1 concept ignited enthusiasts with its January debut at the North American International Auto Show and its bold red exterior color scheme. This second version impresses with sophisticated graphite and light-coloured leather interior accents. It was on display for the first time at the Gordon McCall’s Motorworks Revival gala held on California’s Monterey Peninsula.

The creatives behind this project work at Calty Design Research – Toyota’s North American design studio in Newport Beach, California. They have made the FT-1 to stun the world with bold, sculpted lines that immediately speak of speed and power.

Calty designed an ultra high-performance race version of the FT-1 which inside the GT6 is dubbed the FT-1 Vision GT. This high-powered version interprets what a full-race FT-1 might achieve on the track.

httpv://youtu.be/uuXFyCHp59w

Video Source: YouTube

Source: Toyota

September 18, 2014

Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Achieves 22 mpg on the Highway

It is no secret that the 2015 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat is the most powerful muscle car ever built. This is due to its 6.2-liter supercharged HEMI Hellcat V-8 engine which produces 707 horsepower. In addition, the unit is mated to the TorqueFlite eight-speed automatic transmission, which contributes towards the result of 22 miles per gallon for the highway fuel-economy rating, estimated from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Considering the price, output and highway fuel-economy ratings of cars like the Aventador Roadster (700 hp), Aston Marton Vanquish (576 hp) and Mercedes SLS AMG GT (583 hp), Challenger SRT Hellcat carves a special place for itself in the lofty world of high-performance driving.

The unique Hellcat engine benefits from content that is 91 percent new. It is engineered in-house and is designed for optimum durability. It features forged-steel crankshaft which have induction-hardened bearing surfaces, thus offering a capacity to withstand firing pressures of 1,595 psi (110 bar).

The premium-grade, heat-treated aluminum-alloy cylinder heads were improved for thermal conductivity. These are topped by a twin-screw 2,380-cc/rev supercharger which includes integral charge coolers and an integrated electronic bypass to regulate boost pressure to a maximum of 80 kPa (11.6 psi).

Furthermore, there is a separate low-temperature cooling circuit with two air/coolant heat exchangers that is integrated into the supercharger housing and that keeps air temperatures below 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60 degrees Celsius). At the same time it enables air flow of up to 30,000 liters per minute.

Next, Dodge‘s TorqueFlite eight-speed automatic transmission has 30 percent greater maximum engine-torque capacity than any Chrysler eight-speed transmission. In addition, the transmission features one additional pinion gear in each of the 1st and 3rd gear sets, and five more clutch-pack disks – two in clutch E and one each in clutches A, C and D. More importantly, what makes the gearbox so special is the 7.03 ratio spread. It enables the powerful HEMI Hellcat to operate in its most efficient mode.

When the Challenger SRT Hellcat is equipped with a six-speed manual transmission it achieves highway fuel-economy rating of 21 mpg. The sporty gearbox has an internal cooling pump and vehicle-mounted (external) oil cooler and its 258-mm heavy-duty clutch affords easy access to HEMI Hellcat’s exhilarating power.

Source: Dodge

September 18, 2014

Vauxhall ADAM S with Premiere in Paris

Vauxhall revealed that it will premiere the top-of-the-range ADAM S model next month at the 2014 Paris Motor Show. The car was previewed in March at this year’s Geneva Motor Show, where it showed its slick design, its potent 150 hp 1.4-litre turbo engine, its specially-tuned chassis and its VXR braking system. ADAM S visually appears more muscular than the standard ADAM, due to its front lip spoiler, side sill moldings and an extended rear bumper cut-out with a visible, bold exhaust tailpipe.

The company will offer to its customers ten body paint choices and four roof combinations, which are available with the Red ʼn‘ Roll roof design reserved exclusively for ADAM S customers. The distinctive rear spoiler above the rear window and the special ADAM S logo on the C pillars round out the specific look.

The interior of this car offers the driver and front passenger the opportunity to choose between four different seat arrangements, three of which are exclusively available for this ADAM variant, including the Recaro Performance seats in Morrocana or nappa leather. The interior reflects the Red ʼn‘ Roll design in many ways. An instance is the optional leather package which features black and red steering wheel, gear knob and handbrake in leather or the red and white lighting for the instrument panels and doors.

ADAM S also features as a standard a tinted LED daytime running and rear tail lights, electronic climate control and sophisticated IntelliLink system. The system provides USB and Bluetooth connectivity, audio streaming, seven speakers, 7-inch high-definition colour touch-screen, navigation by the BringGo app, Stitcher and TuneIn apps.

The new version of the 1.4-litre Turbo ECOTEC engine which powers the car produces up to 150 hp (110 kW) and 220 Nm (162 lb-ft) of torque. Combined with a six-speed manual gearbox, this powertrain propels the ADAM S from 0 to 100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 8.5 seconds and to a top speed of 124 mph.

In addition, ADAM S’s unit is fitted with Start/Stop technology and the engine already meets Euro 6 emission standards. The dual cam phasing for continuously variable valve timing and a turbocharger integrated within the exhaust manifold are characteristics of the engine which make it lighter and more compact. The combined fuel consumption is rated at 44.1 mpg while the CO2 emissions – at 149g/km.

This Vauxhall also has some sporty credentials thanks to its specially tuned performance chassis and direct, sharp performance steering. ADAM S also features large VXR S brakes, custom-made for the various wheel sizes, and runs on a standard 17-inch or optional 18-inch alloy wheels.

Vauxhall ADAM S will go on sale in January next year.

Source: Vauxhall

September 17, 2014

Senner Tuning Gives Audi A8 Additional 76 Horsepower

Audi A8 has always been one of the most luxurious and desirable cars, since it was introduced to the automotive market. In fact, according to a recently published study, the A8 is the ultimate dream car for Germans. But even these facts can’t keep the tuners at Senner Tuning from exploring the optimizing potential of this Audi. The particular car on which they have worked is the 4.2 litre V8 model.

The external modifications include the exchange of the standard wheels for Oxigin14 Oxrock rims in the “Black Full Polish” finish. They come in the format 10×22 inch all round and are coupled with Continental Sport Contact 3 tyres in the dimensions 265/30R22. The standard air suspension has been lowered via DLC lowering module from KW. Due to the utilization of a WLAN module, the lowering of the air suspension can be individually adjusted using an iPhone application.

As mentioned, the A8 is powered by the 4.2 litre V8 engine, which produces as a standard 321 horsepower (236 kW) and 445 Nm (328 lb-ft) of torque. Here, Senner Tuning found the optimization potential and increased the power to 397 hp (292 kW). In addition, the maximum torque number also got bigger to the 477 Newton meters.

The tuners has spotted an interesting side effect after the performance increase: in spite of this additional performance, the A8 uses on average between 1.5 and 2.0 litres less petrol per 100 km. At last they have rounded the performance intervention by two new sport air filter inserts and a power converter.

The exhaust gases are processed by an in-house stainless steel exhaust gas system, which features a presilencer with a 100 mm end pipe to the right and left. The exhaust system has an EU operating permit (ABE) and produces great sound. The final step was to give the luxury car red painted brake calipers and LED number plate lighting.

Source: Senner Tuning

September 17, 2014

McLaren 650S Sprint to Debut at the Penultimate Round of the GT Cup Race

McLaren 650S Sprint will make an official dynamic debut at this weekend’s penultimate round of the GT Cup race at Donington Park in the United Kingdom. A month ago, McLaren has unveiled the 650S Sprint at the Pebble Beach Concours d’Elegance. This weekend’s race marks the European debut of the car. 650S Sprint was developed and optimized specifically for the track, and now its eligibility to race in the NARRA US GT series, the SCCA GT Championship and the UAE GT series, has been confirmed.

The extremely fast vehicle will contest three races during the weekend: one sprint race with a driver-change on Saturday, followed by two shorter events on Sunday, where the drivers will be contesting one complete race each. Behindd the steering wheel will be the McLaren GT factory driver Rob Bell, who returns to the Von Ryan Racing team after running at this year’s Total 24 Hours of Spa in the 12C GT3.

Furthermore, Bell has also been included in the development of the 650S Sprint, so that he can have a thorough knowledge of the track-only racer. Next to the driver will be sitting the experienced Nürburgring-racer and journalist Lomas, who has shown good pace in testing ahead of the event.

McLaren 650S Sprint is based on the road-going 650S. It features aerodynamically enhanced design, delivering increased levels of downforce, and revised air intakes that offer better cooling of the 3.8-litre twin-turbo M838T engine. The 650S roadcar and the 650S Sprint share the same unique engine and transmission calibration, which will also result in enhanced on track drivability and driver engagement. Other important improvements include new developments to the Brake Steer system, more refined aerodynamics and a race set-up for the ProActive Chassis Control (PCC).

McLaren 650S Sprint has a starting price of £198,000 and is currently on sale.

Source: McLaren

September 17, 2014

GGR has new Performance Package for Ford Fiesta ST

The performance specialists at Graham Goode Racing (GGR) are introducing their new performance tuning package for the 182 hp (134 kW) Ford Fiesta ST hot hatch. Last year they have released the mind-blowing 225 hp (165 kW) package, and now they are going a step further. GGR continued their development work on the Fiesta ST, using all of their BTCC turbocharged engineering experience to improve the performance of the 1.6-litre Ecoboost direct injection engine. At the same time they have managed to drastically lower the price point of the conversion.

As a result, the tuning company has released the GGR ST240 package, which comprises of an all-new High Flow Direct Air Induction System and a ‘Smooth Flow’ Air Induction hose allied to an entirely revised ECU remap from electronics experts Superchips. The ECU remapping is delivered via the well-proven bluefin handset.

The combination of these components results in a boost of Fiesta ST’s engine power to the blistering 240 hp (176 kW) and 343 Nm (253 lb-ft) of torque. Despite the increase in these numbers, the standard Ford exhaust system and catalytic converter weren’t change in order to ensure MOT emissions compliance.

The standard air filter box on the Ford ST is essentially the same as used in all Fiesta models and this obviously the limits airflow into the 1.6-litre Ecoboost engine. In addition, the standard air filter outlet pipe is very restrictive and uses convoluted sections. These are also very disruptive to air flow.

GGR has found a solution for this by creating a special High-Flow Direct Air Induction System and matching silicone air induction hose to eradicate the restrictions of the standard components. The result of course is greatly increased inlet flow.

The aforementioned system comprises of a large cone K&N filter element, which fits into a special spun aluminium trumpet assembly with a CNC machined mounting for the Ecoboost engine’s Mass Air Flow sensor. The cold air feed to the GGR High-Flow Direct Induction system channels air from the standard position at the front of the car, utilizing a special ABS plastic moulding to feed air directly to the cone filter.

There is no restriction to the incoming air due to the added large K&N air filter. The incoming air is then directed into the inlet hose and through the Ecoboost motor’s Mass Air Flow sensor by the special trumpet shaped section.

The tuning company’s air induction hose is moulded from smooth walled 4-ply silicone throughout. This also removes any restriction and prevents any disruption to the Ecoboost engine intake.

GGR Fiesta ST240 conversion package also features engine management system calibration or the so called ECU. For this part of the modification, GGR customizers have collaborated with long-term automotive performance electronics specialists at Superchips.

Comparison Engine Performance Figures:

Standard Ford Fiesta ST	Power 180 bhp	Torque 290 Nm
GGR Fiesta ST 240	Power 240 bhp	Torque 343 Nm

Source: Graham Goode Racing

September 17, 2014

Honda Civic Returns for MY2015

Honda Civic comes back for the 2015 model year even more stylish and equipped than before. Joining the Civic family for 2015 is a new Special Edition (SE) sedan, which is positioned between the already known LX and EX. This car will deliver to its occupant exclusive telematics, audio, comfort, convenience and style upgrades. In the 2014 model year, the Civic lineup has received more than enough upgrades. For instance it features redesigned exterior (for the Coupe), new wheel designs, interior refinements, a new continuously variable transmission (CVT) as well as a host of available premium features.

Of course Honda has retained all of them for MY2015. Important to mention from the list of standard features on the 2015 Civic are the rearview camera with guidelines, expanded view driver’s mirror and Bluetooth HandsFreeLink. The optional equipment here includes 7-inch capacitive touch-screen Display Audio, HondaLinkTM next-generation connected-car technology, LaneWatch display and Smart Entry with Push Button start.

The continuously variable transmission is available on the Civic Sedan LX, Civic Coupe LX and EX. They come as a standard with slick shifting five-speed manual transmission. In contrast CVT comes as a standard on all other trims, thus enhancing the responsiveness of the Civic’s 1.8-liter i-VTEC engine. It provides quick and smooth acceleration, while its wide ratio range and low internal friction provide better fuel efficiency.

The new addition, 2015 Civic Sedan SE, comes equipped with the CVT, 15-inch aluminum alloy wheels with black painted inserts, Honda LaneWatchTM, automatic climate control, Display Audio with next-generation HondaLink and additional tweeter speakers. In the fall, all of the aforementioned trim levels will be joined by the Civic Si Sedan and Coupe, Civic Hybrid and Civic Natural Gas in the fall. The Sedan SE specification will also be available in the fall.

2015 Honda Civic range is offered at the following prices:

TRIM	MSRP1	EPA Fuel Economy Ratings2 (city/highway/combined)

Civic Coupe LX 5MT	$18,290	28/36/31
Civic Coupe LX CVT	$19,090	30/39/33
Civic Coupe EX 5MT	$20,390	28/36/31
Civic Coupe EX CVT	$21,190	29/38/33
Civic Coupe EX-L CVT	$22,640	29/38/33
Civic Coupe EX-L Navi CVT	$24,140	29/38/33
Civic Sedan LX 5MT	$18,490	28/36/31
Civic Sedan LX CVT	$19,290	30/39/33
Civic Sedan SE CVT	$19,990	30/39/33
Civic Sedan EX CVT	$21,190	30/39/33
Civic Sedan EX-L CVT	$22,840	30/39/33
Civic Sedan EX-L Navi CVT	$24,340	30/39/33
Civic Sedan HF CVT	$20,040	31/41/35

Source: Honda

September 17, 2014

Porsche Exclusive Releases Cayenne S in Palladium Metallic

Porsche definitely means exclusivity. But can a model produced from the company be even more attractive than before. The answer of course is “yas” and it includes customization. Here however, the modification specialists are no other but those at Porsche Exclusive – company’s in-house customizing division. They have released a few photos and some information about their last endeavour: the beautiful Porsche Exclusive Cayenne S in Palladium Metallic paint scheme.Except for the exclusive exterior color, the car is equipped with the optional SportDesign package. It comprises of sideskirts, Bi-Xenon main headlights in black including Porsche Dynamic Light System (PDLS), smoked LED taillights with adaptive brake lights, sports exhaust system including sports tailpipes. In addition, this package also adds 21-inch Cayenne SportEdition wheels, which are painted in Cayenne’s color and come with wheel arch extensions.Inside, the car has also been customized. The options here include an extended trim package in leather. The interior package consists of armrests in leather in a contrasting colour, leather seat centres in a contrasting colour, leather PCM surround and leather air vents and centre console armrest front with Porsche Crest. There are also roof lining grab handles, sun visors and steering column casing made of the same material.Unfortunately there are no mechanical modifications made. This means that the Cayenne S in Palladium Metallic is driven by the standard 3.6-liter twin-turbo V6 engine. The unit generates 414hp (304 kW) and 550 Nm (406 lb-ft) of torque. This Cayenne sprints from 0 to 100 km/h in 5.2 seconds on its way to a top speed of 257 km/h (160 mph). Its combined fuel consumption in accordance with EU 5 is rated at 9.8-9.5 l/100 km, while the CO2 emissions – at 229-223 g/km.

September 16, 2014

More Pictures of the Future Batmobile Revealed

Zack-Snyder-BatmobileTHUMB Probably there isn’t almost anyone reading this who hasn’t watched at least one of the Batman movies. And since the director Zack Snyder is currently filming the last one, starring Ben Affleck as Batman himself, the enthusiasts and fans are eager to know everything around it. The latest news that Snyder has uncovered via his official Twitter account is couple of pictures giving additional glimpse of the Batmobile.

The exclusive vehicle, which helped the superhero save lives and make history, was based on a Lincoln roadster in the original series to the Tim Burton-era. But just take a look at the pictures and you will see that the car has evolved tremendously over the years.

Despite the fact that we have to wait until March 2016 to see the film, Batman vs Superman: Dawn of Justice, going officially on the screen and having a real impression of the last Bat-vehicle, the released images show that it (the car) has some good shapes.

A few months ago, Snyder tweeted a rear 3/4 view of the cloaked Batmobile. Then followed a close-up shot with Ben Affleck in costume, and the latest couple of images show the car on the set in Detroit. The car definitely looks pretty badass.

From what we can judge, it is something like mix between Tim Burton’s Batmobile and Christopher Nolan’s. It has all flat panels converging at the sharp angles of the vehicle, has some bulgy tires, vents, ducts and its whole body is covered with military-grade bolt-ons.

News Source: Zack Snyder via Twitter

September 16, 2014

Opel Introduces Karl

Opel Karl is the next addition to the family of the new generation Corsa and the stylish, three-door ADAM. The small car will be offered from the summer of next year. As a matter of fact, we have seen the debut of the five-door Karl a few days ago, but standing under different name – Vauxhall Viva. Opel has chosen to dub the vehicle “Karl”, because this is a short, snappy and catchy name that represents brand values: German, emotional and approachable. With the introduction of this model, Opel aims to fulfil all kinds of requirements.

Karl, ADAM and the latest Corsa will all be launched in less than 30 months as of next year. This means that the company will have the strongest portfolio in the mini and small cars segments in its history, and one of the youngest on the market place.

But to go into details, the Corsa is about 4.00 meters in length, which offers great comfort and great balance between exterior size and interior space. It is in five- and three-door versions. The ADAM on the other hand is just 3.70 meters long, has three doors, and is Opel’s individualization champion. This model offers dynamic driving, excellent connectivity and the widest personalization choice to those who want their car to express their lifestyle.

The Karl is even smaller than the ADMA in length! It comes in a compact package of 3.68 meters, but keeps its five door body. Inside, there are up to five seats. In addition, the car offers the best of Opel virtues in a smart and highly practical manner.

Another interesting fact is that the name Karl’s pays homage to one of Adam Opel’s sons. He was the person who had founded the company in 1862. Adam made Opel one of the largest bicycle manufacturers in the world. His sons Carl, Wilhelm and Friedrich entered the automobile business in 1898 and built their first car one year later.

Source: Opel

September 16, 2014

Author: Lidia Todorova