Car Makes – Page 433 – Automobiles Review

Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Achieves 22 mpg on the Highway

It is no secret that the 2015 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat is the most powerful muscle car ever built. This is due to its 6.2-liter supercharged HEMI Hellcat V-8 engine which produces 707 horsepower. In addition, the unit is mated to the TorqueFlite eight-speed automatic transmission, which contributes towards the result of 22 miles per gallon for the highway fuel-economy rating, estimated from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Considering the price, output and highway fuel-economy ratings of cars like the Aventador Roadster (700 hp), Aston Marton Vanquish (576 hp) and Mercedes SLS AMG GT (583 hp), Challenger SRT Hellcat carves a special place for itself in the lofty world of high-performance driving.

The unique Hellcat engine benefits from content that is 91 percent new. It is engineered in-house and is designed for optimum durability. It features forged-steel crankshaft which have induction-hardened bearing surfaces, thus offering a capacity to withstand firing pressures of 1,595 psi (110 bar).

The premium-grade, heat-treated aluminum-alloy cylinder heads were improved for thermal conductivity. These are topped by a twin-screw 2,380-cc/rev supercharger which includes integral charge coolers and an integrated electronic bypass to regulate boost pressure to a maximum of 80 kPa (11.6 psi).

Furthermore, there is a separate low-temperature cooling circuit with two air/coolant heat exchangers that is integrated into the supercharger housing and that keeps air temperatures below 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60 degrees Celsius). At the same time it enables air flow of up to 30,000 liters per minute.

Next, Dodge‘s TorqueFlite eight-speed automatic transmission has 30 percent greater maximum engine-torque capacity than any Chrysler eight-speed transmission. In addition, the transmission features one additional pinion gear in each of the 1st and 3rd gear sets, and five more clutch-pack disks – two in clutch E and one each in clutches A, C and D. More importantly, what makes the gearbox so special is the 7.03 ratio spread. It enables the powerful HEMI Hellcat to operate in its most efficient mode.

When the Challenger SRT Hellcat is equipped with a six-speed manual transmission it achieves highway fuel-economy rating of 21 mpg. The sporty gearbox has an internal cooling pump and vehicle-mounted (external) oil cooler and its 258-mm heavy-duty clutch affords easy access to HEMI Hellcat’s exhilarating power.

Source: Dodge

September 18, 2014

Vauxhall ADAM S with Premiere in Paris

Vauxhall revealed that it will premiere the top-of-the-range ADAM S model next month at the 2014 Paris Motor Show. The car was previewed in March at this year’s Geneva Motor Show, where it showed its slick design, its potent 150 hp 1.4-litre turbo engine, its specially-tuned chassis and its VXR braking system. ADAM S visually appears more muscular than the standard ADAM, due to its front lip spoiler, side sill moldings and an extended rear bumper cut-out with a visible, bold exhaust tailpipe.

The company will offer to its customers ten body paint choices and four roof combinations, which are available with the Red ʼn‘ Roll roof design reserved exclusively for ADAM S customers. The distinctive rear spoiler above the rear window and the special ADAM S logo on the C pillars round out the specific look.

The interior of this car offers the driver and front passenger the opportunity to choose between four different seat arrangements, three of which are exclusively available for this ADAM variant, including the Recaro Performance seats in Morrocana or nappa leather. The interior reflects the Red ʼn‘ Roll design in many ways. An instance is the optional leather package which features black and red steering wheel, gear knob and handbrake in leather or the red and white lighting for the instrument panels and doors.

ADAM S also features as a standard a tinted LED daytime running and rear tail lights, electronic climate control and sophisticated IntelliLink system. The system provides USB and Bluetooth connectivity, audio streaming, seven speakers, 7-inch high-definition colour touch-screen, navigation by the BringGo app, Stitcher and TuneIn apps.

The new version of the 1.4-litre Turbo ECOTEC engine which powers the car produces up to 150 hp (110 kW) and 220 Nm (162 lb-ft) of torque. Combined with a six-speed manual gearbox, this powertrain propels the ADAM S from 0 to 100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 8.5 seconds and to a top speed of 124 mph.

In addition, ADAM S’s unit is fitted with Start/Stop technology and the engine already meets Euro 6 emission standards. The dual cam phasing for continuously variable valve timing and a turbocharger integrated within the exhaust manifold are characteristics of the engine which make it lighter and more compact. The combined fuel consumption is rated at 44.1 mpg while the CO2 emissions – at 149g/km.

This Vauxhall also has some sporty credentials thanks to its specially tuned performance chassis and direct, sharp performance steering. ADAM S also features large VXR S brakes, custom-made for the various wheel sizes, and runs on a standard 17-inch or optional 18-inch alloy wheels.

Vauxhall ADAM S will go on sale in January next year.

Source: Vauxhall

September 17, 2014

Senner Tuning Gives Audi A8 Additional 76 Horsepower

Audi A8 has always been one of the most luxurious and desirable cars, since it was introduced to the automotive market. In fact, according to a recently published study, the A8 is the ultimate dream car for Germans. But even these facts can’t keep the tuners at Senner Tuning from exploring the optimizing potential of this Audi. The particular car on which they have worked is the 4.2 litre V8 model.

The external modifications include the exchange of the standard wheels for Oxigin14 Oxrock rims in the “Black Full Polish” finish. They come in the format 10×22 inch all round and are coupled with Continental Sport Contact 3 tyres in the dimensions 265/30R22. The standard air suspension has been lowered via DLC lowering module from KW. Due to the utilization of a WLAN module, the lowering of the air suspension can be individually adjusted using an iPhone application.

As mentioned, the A8 is powered by the 4.2 litre V8 engine, which produces as a standard 321 horsepower (236 kW) and 445 Nm (328 lb-ft) of torque. Here, Senner Tuning found the optimization potential and increased the power to 397 hp (292 kW). In addition, the maximum torque number also got bigger to the 477 Newton meters.

The tuners has spotted an interesting side effect after the performance increase: in spite of this additional performance, the A8 uses on average between 1.5 and 2.0 litres less petrol per 100 km. At last they have rounded the performance intervention by two new sport air filter inserts and a power converter.

The exhaust gases are processed by an in-house stainless steel exhaust gas system, which features a presilencer with a 100 mm end pipe to the right and left. The exhaust system has an EU operating permit (ABE) and produces great sound. The final step was to give the luxury car red painted brake calipers and LED number plate lighting.

Source: Senner Tuning

September 17, 2014

McLaren 650S Sprint to Debut at the Penultimate Round of the GT Cup Race

McLaren 650S Sprint will make an official dynamic debut at this weekend’s penultimate round of the GT Cup race at Donington Park in the United Kingdom. A month ago, McLaren has unveiled the 650S Sprint at the Pebble Beach Concours d’Elegance. This weekend’s race marks the European debut of the car. 650S Sprint was developed and optimized specifically for the track, and now its eligibility to race in the NARRA US GT series, the SCCA GT Championship and the UAE GT series, has been confirmed.

The extremely fast vehicle will contest three races during the weekend: one sprint race with a driver-change on Saturday, followed by two shorter events on Sunday, where the drivers will be contesting one complete race each. Behindd the steering wheel will be the McLaren GT factory driver Rob Bell, who returns to the Von Ryan Racing team after running at this year’s Total 24 Hours of Spa in the 12C GT3.

Furthermore, Bell has also been included in the development of the 650S Sprint, so that he can have a thorough knowledge of the track-only racer. Next to the driver will be sitting the experienced Nürburgring-racer and journalist Lomas, who has shown good pace in testing ahead of the event.

McLaren 650S Sprint is based on the road-going 650S. It features aerodynamically enhanced design, delivering increased levels of downforce, and revised air intakes that offer better cooling of the 3.8-litre twin-turbo M838T engine. The 650S roadcar and the 650S Sprint share the same unique engine and transmission calibration, which will also result in enhanced on track drivability and driver engagement. Other important improvements include new developments to the Brake Steer system, more refined aerodynamics and a race set-up for the ProActive Chassis Control (PCC).

McLaren 650S Sprint has a starting price of £198,000 and is currently on sale.

Source: McLaren

September 17, 2014

GGR has new Performance Package for Ford Fiesta ST

The performance specialists at Graham Goode Racing (GGR) are introducing their new performance tuning package for the 182 hp (134 kW) Ford Fiesta ST hot hatch. Last year they have released the mind-blowing 225 hp (165 kW) package, and now they are going a step further. GGR continued their development work on the Fiesta ST, using all of their BTCC turbocharged engineering experience to improve the performance of the 1.6-litre Ecoboost direct injection engine. At the same time they have managed to drastically lower the price point of the conversion.

As a result, the tuning company has released the GGR ST240 package, which comprises of an all-new High Flow Direct Air Induction System and a ‘Smooth Flow’ Air Induction hose allied to an entirely revised ECU remap from electronics experts Superchips. The ECU remapping is delivered via the well-proven bluefin handset.

The combination of these components results in a boost of Fiesta ST’s engine power to the blistering 240 hp (176 kW) and 343 Nm (253 lb-ft) of torque. Despite the increase in these numbers, the standard Ford exhaust system and catalytic converter weren’t change in order to ensure MOT emissions compliance.

The standard air filter box on the Ford ST is essentially the same as used in all Fiesta models and this obviously the limits airflow into the 1.6-litre Ecoboost engine. In addition, the standard air filter outlet pipe is very restrictive and uses convoluted sections. These are also very disruptive to air flow.

GGR has found a solution for this by creating a special High-Flow Direct Air Induction System and matching silicone air induction hose to eradicate the restrictions of the standard components. The result of course is greatly increased inlet flow.

The aforementioned system comprises of a large cone K&N filter element, which fits into a special spun aluminium trumpet assembly with a CNC machined mounting for the Ecoboost engine’s Mass Air Flow sensor. The cold air feed to the GGR High-Flow Direct Induction system channels air from the standard position at the front of the car, utilizing a special ABS plastic moulding to feed air directly to the cone filter.

There is no restriction to the incoming air due to the added large K&N air filter. The incoming air is then directed into the inlet hose and through the Ecoboost motor’s Mass Air Flow sensor by the special trumpet shaped section.

The tuning company’s air induction hose is moulded from smooth walled 4-ply silicone throughout. This also removes any restriction and prevents any disruption to the Ecoboost engine intake.

GGR Fiesta ST240 conversion package also features engine management system calibration or the so called ECU. For this part of the modification, GGR customizers have collaborated with long-term automotive performance electronics specialists at Superchips.

Comparison Engine Performance Figures:

Standard Ford Fiesta ST	Power 180 bhp	Torque 290 Nm
GGR Fiesta ST 240	Power 240 bhp	Torque 343 Nm

Source: Graham Goode Racing

September 17, 2014

Dinan’s Performance Tuner Just Got The Newest BMW M’s Faster

Dinan’s objective is designing a sophisticated technology to provide the ability to control and enhance the engine performance, with no threat to voiding your car warranty coverage. The system doesn’t interfere with the on-board diagnostic systems.

New applications are constantly being introduced for the Dinantronics Performance Tuner because the final objective is applying this system in all BMW line-ups. However the tune is now available for the M series. The F80 M3 and F82/83 M4 already equipped with the tune reach maximum power of 516 hp (384 kW), 489 lb.-ft. (662 Nm) of torque, are now faster than ever. Including the F22 M235i, F30 335i, F32/33/36 435i, F10 535i, F07/10 550i, F06/12/13 650i, F01/02 750i, F10 M5 (STD & Competition Package), and the F06/12/13 M6 (STD & Competition Package) are some of the models compatible with the system. Only talented engineers are capable of designing the Dinan Difference, keeping the engine power at its top and giving it even more power at the same time.

This state-of-the-art system is designed with the most advanced hardware and best possible components, which visible component is elaborate wiring harness. All plug in devices send a modified signal to the factory ECU. Afterwards the factory ECU raises the boost presure if it is below target values. BMW fans are provided with additional performance without sacrificing other care features. The Dinantronics Performance Tuner is capable of sending signals to divers other systems in the car at the mind blowing 4000 times per second. Moreover, a higher level of drivability and lighter running conditions are achieved, which is what Dinan is all about.

Source: Dinan

September 17, 2014

Honda Civic Returns for MY2015

Honda Civic comes back for the 2015 model year even more stylish and equipped than before. Joining the Civic family for 2015 is a new Special Edition (SE) sedan, which is positioned between the already known LX and EX. This car will deliver to its occupant exclusive telematics, audio, comfort, convenience and style upgrades. In the 2014 model year, the Civic lineup has received more than enough upgrades. For instance it features redesigned exterior (for the Coupe), new wheel designs, interior refinements, a new continuously variable transmission (CVT) as well as a host of available premium features.

Of course Honda has retained all of them for MY2015. Important to mention from the list of standard features on the 2015 Civic are the rearview camera with guidelines, expanded view driver’s mirror and Bluetooth HandsFreeLink. The optional equipment here includes 7-inch capacitive touch-screen Display Audio, HondaLinkTM next-generation connected-car technology, LaneWatch display and Smart Entry with Push Button start.

The continuously variable transmission is available on the Civic Sedan LX, Civic Coupe LX and EX. They come as a standard with slick shifting five-speed manual transmission. In contrast CVT comes as a standard on all other trims, thus enhancing the responsiveness of the Civic’s 1.8-liter i-VTEC engine. It provides quick and smooth acceleration, while its wide ratio range and low internal friction provide better fuel efficiency.

The new addition, 2015 Civic Sedan SE, comes equipped with the CVT, 15-inch aluminum alloy wheels with black painted inserts, Honda LaneWatchTM, automatic climate control, Display Audio with next-generation HondaLink and additional tweeter speakers. In the fall, all of the aforementioned trim levels will be joined by the Civic Si Sedan and Coupe, Civic Hybrid and Civic Natural Gas in the fall. The Sedan SE specification will also be available in the fall.

2015 Honda Civic range is offered at the following prices:

TRIM	MSRP1	EPA Fuel Economy Ratings2 (city/highway/combined)

Civic Coupe LX 5MT	$18,290	28/36/31
Civic Coupe LX CVT	$19,090	30/39/33
Civic Coupe EX 5MT	$20,390	28/36/31
Civic Coupe EX CVT	$21,190	29/38/33
Civic Coupe EX-L CVT	$22,640	29/38/33
Civic Coupe EX-L Navi CVT	$24,140	29/38/33
Civic Sedan LX 5MT	$18,490	28/36/31
Civic Sedan LX CVT	$19,290	30/39/33
Civic Sedan SE CVT	$19,990	30/39/33
Civic Sedan EX CVT	$21,190	30/39/33
Civic Sedan EX-L CVT	$22,840	30/39/33
Civic Sedan EX-L Navi CVT	$24,340	30/39/33
Civic Sedan HF CVT	$20,040	31/41/35

Source: Honda

September 17, 2014

Honda’s Jazz Prototype To Be Unveiled At Paris Motor Show

By releasing some teaser images of the all new – Jazz prototype, Honda is going to exhibit its newest model next month at the 2014 Paris Motor Show.

Little is known about the interior, at this point, except that it is sophisticated and stylish. The outer dimensions are improved, with new dimension, now being 15 mm longer and with wheelbase 30 mm longer which makes the Jazz prototype even more spacious.

With Honda giving its best to deliver its customers benefits in terms of flexibility, storage space design and cabin practicality its models are becoming more and more luxurious, comfortable and faster with the Jazz prototype first in the line.The new Jazz will be featured with Honda’s newest seats delivering an even more exquisite and convenient ride for both the driver and passengers, with an all new unique suspension system.

The new 1.3 litre i-VTEC petrol “Earth Dreams Technology” engine, aided by a six-speed manual or a CVT transmission which is equipped in the upcoming Honda Jazz prototype, will provide its owners higher performance and improved fuel economy.

The Jazz prototype is hitting the market this summer 2015, unfortunately further information will be unveiled during Honda’s debut at the 2014 Mondial de l‘Automobile in Paris on Thursday 2 October.

Source: Honda

September 17, 2014

Bentley Mulsanne Speed – A New Definition Of Fastest And Most Luxurious

The fastest, most luxurious car in its sector is here. The all-new Bentley Mulsanne Speed.

Bentley’s iconic 6¾-litre twin-turbo V8 engine, reinvented for the Mulsanne Speed as well as the signature Mulsanne. A brand new combustion system (including combustion chamber, inlet ports, fuel injectors, spark plugs, and compression ratio) enhances a much faster and more controlled combustion process.Torque output of the engine has reached new records, as high as – 1,100 Nm (811 lb.ft) from 1,750 rpm. The power is 537 PS / 530 bhp (395 kW) at 4200 rpm. As far as for transmission, you can get your Bentley with an automatic gearbox, torque converter, rear-wheel drive. With the suspension and steering the Mulsanne has double wishbone, anti-roll bar in the front layout, and at rear layout consists of multi link rear suspension with toe and brake reaction control.

An innovatively new peak power output of 537 PS, enough to reach a top speed of 190 mph (305 km/h).This Bentley reaches from 0-60 mph (0‑100 km/h) in 4.8 seconds, taking 4.9 seconds. The luxurious ride reaches the breathtaking top speed of 190 mph (305 km/h).

The fuel consumption in city is 12.4 mpg (22.8 litres/100 km) (12 US mpg), and for highway it is 28.4 mpg (9.9 litres/100 km) (19 US mpg) with a combined of 19.3 mpg (14.6 litres/100 km) (14 US mpg). With a 13 % improvement with the current Bentley Mulsanne the CO2 Emissions are 342 g/km (efficiency class G), with a extended fuel range by 50 miles (80 km) with a fuel tank capacity of 96 litres (21.12 gallons UK) (25.36 US gallons).

If you are looking for top luxury, than this Mulsanne is a must! The interior is just astonishing. The driver interface as sophisticated as it can get with an 8″ high-res screen, central Multi Media Interface (MMI) controller. The sound system consists of the amazing 14-speakers, 2x sub woofers, 8-channel DSP, iPod/MP3 connection, DAB or SDARS radio, 6-disc CD changer, DVD drive, 2x SD card readers, micro-USB, opt. 2200W 20-speaker Naim system. There is also telephone system, Bluetooth wireless connectivity, privacy handset along with an on board storage of 60 GB hard disc with 20 GB of personal storage space.

The front side of the interior is equipped with power-adjustable front (12-way) and rear (8-way) seats with Heating and memory functions. Optional seat ventilation and massage make the driver’s and the front passenger’s ride a lot more comfortable and easier. Driver & front passenger air bags, front/rear head & thorax airbags provide as much safety as a luxury car of this level can offer.

Moreover, here are additional features available in the Mulsanne Speed, some of which are: Tyre-pressure monitoring, Key less entry & ignition, power door-latching and boot, Park Distance Control. Optional: rear-view camera, TV tuner, Naim premium audio, rear-seat entertainment.

Pricing for the new Bentley Mulsanne Speed in Europe goes exactly for €272,200. For the UK -£252,200. And for the USA we are looking at precisely about $335,600.

The new Bentley Mulsanne Speed will be unveiled at the Paris Motor Show on Thursday 2nd October, and customers will be able to order it for delivery this winter.

Source: Bentley

September 16, 2014

2014 Citroen DS 3 De La Fressange Paris Concept

The DS styling Centre and Ines de La Fressange Paris have united in a bold attemp to develop two unique, elegant and modern concepts, on both the the DS 3 and the DS 3 CABRIO.

The collaboration between DS 3 and Ines de la Fressange Paris, who share the same ideas for elegance and modern design, is one that contributed to the creation of these two concept models.

The first thing you notice when you see the two unique Citroen cars is the difference in their bodywork colours. The DS 3 is covered in satin-finish Ink Blue, with a beautiful shiny Onyx Black roof. On the other hand, the DS 3 CABRIO is trimmed in lustrous “Perla Nera Black”, showing us an “Infinite Blue” roof with an “Infinite Blue” soft top. There is lots of room for personalisation, thanks to the new color, the DS 3 CABRIO. Both versions are fitted with 17’’Aphrodite diamond-cut wheels which add a unique styling.

Both concept vehicles feature the exclusive “Ines Red” door mirror housings. The DS 3 gains a wide range os features, including: “Aéropostale” adhesive signature in red, white and blue, across the back of the car, an enamel-effect emblem with the words “Ines de la Fressange Paris” on the central pillar. Both brand’s history and luxury is represented from the blue, white and red colours.

DS 3 & DS 3 CABRIO Ines de la Fressange Paris Concept both impress us with a leather covered interior of exceptional quality which is placed also on the headrests. The three emblematic colours of the union are put in a matched layout. The seats are covered in white topstitching.

The two concepts, DS 3 & DS 3 CABRIO, are amazingly styled styled and illustrated to perfection.

Source: Citroen

September 16, 2014

2015 Lexus NX 300h E-Four

The 2015 Lexus NX which is the hybrid version of Lexus’ new compact luxury crossover. It brings a total of 6 new hybrids for the brand, the most among luxury brands. The base model and the hybrid one have a very compliant suspension system, quiet and smooth ride and a very comfortable interior.

The innovating new system “E-four” installed in the car, safes energy and fuel. It uses a powerful electric motor to drive the rear axle, that way it provides additional providing grip and a lot better vehicle control on slippery surfaces. E-Four is a smart system, varying the amount of drive torque to the rear wheels along with driving dynamics and different road conditions, to secure just the right stability when pulling away or accelerating in low-grip conditions.

There are three important things you need to know about the NX:

Its unique aggressive styling is probably unlike anything you have seen before.
There are innovative features inside and out.
An efficient fuel economy model

This is a very useful vehicle. There is a cargo cover in the trunk area, the seats can be fold down, providing additional space to fit in a lot of luggage. But it wouldn’t be exactly good if you want to use it to renovate your home. More importantly though, this is a really flexible vehicle, with an all-wheel drive as an option, it gives the feeling of a very comfortable ride, providing that extra traction you need during the winter. There is almost no wind noise, theres not a lot intrusion from the suspension into the cabin.

Lexus’ signature spindle grill is easily distinquished. The head lamps fit in perfectly like puzzle pieces. LED low-beam lights with halogen high-beam come as standard. Three projector LED low and high beams are also available. The Nx300h comes with a uniquely shaped LED fog lamps. Look from a profile you can see muscular arches connected by a beltline. The power side mirrors are heated and at top, aluminum roof rails are standard. There are sculpted LED tail lamps, enhanced with a black exo skeleton.

The NX300h comes with standard 10-spoke 17-inch wheels. Duo exhaust pipes have been added for the first time on a Lexus utility vehicle. The NX door handles are designed to be functional and beautiful

From the inside it’s a luxury car. The rear seats are nicely done, they can incline providing little extra legroom for adults. The NX comes with a lot of technology innovations throughout the interior.

This vehicle has a 2.5 l 4-cylinder engine that generates 194 hp which is more than enough for a vehicle of this size. As far as for gearboxes, the NX will have 2 different choices, dpending on which engine you go with. Turbo models will feautre a standard 6-speed automatic programing that automatically calculates the torque required based on the driving scenario to help maximize acceleration and response on demand.

The Nx300h achieves combined cycle fuel economy of 54.3mpg with 121g/km CO2 emissions.

Source: Lexus

September 16, 2014

Porsche Exclusive Releases Cayenne S in Palladium Metallic

Porsche definitely means exclusivity. But can a model produced from the company be even more attractive than before. The answer of course is “yas” and it includes customization. Here however, the modification specialists are no other but those at Porsche Exclusive – company’s in-house customizing division. They have released a few photos and some information about their last endeavour: the beautiful Porsche Exclusive Cayenne S in Palladium Metallic paint scheme.Except for the exclusive exterior color, the car is equipped with the optional SportDesign package. It comprises of sideskirts, Bi-Xenon main headlights in black including Porsche Dynamic Light System (PDLS), smoked LED taillights with adaptive brake lights, sports exhaust system including sports tailpipes. In addition, this package also adds 21-inch Cayenne SportEdition wheels, which are painted in Cayenne’s color and come with wheel arch extensions.Inside, the car has also been customized. The options here include an extended trim package in leather. The interior package consists of armrests in leather in a contrasting colour, leather seat centres in a contrasting colour, leather PCM surround and leather air vents and centre console armrest front with Porsche Crest. There are also roof lining grab handles, sun visors and steering column casing made of the same material.Unfortunately there are no mechanical modifications made. This means that the Cayenne S in Palladium Metallic is driven by the standard 3.6-liter twin-turbo V6 engine. The unit generates 414hp (304 kW) and 550 Nm (406 lb-ft) of torque. This Cayenne sprints from 0 to 100 km/h in 5.2 seconds on its way to a top speed of 257 km/h (160 mph). Its combined fuel consumption in accordance with EU 5 is rated at 9.8-9.5 l/100 km, while the CO2 emissions – at 229-223 g/km.

September 16, 2014

Category: Car Makes